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| c. 3100 BC |
| | | Sumer develops as the first centre of Mesopotamian civilization | |
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| c. 1345 BC |
| | | The Amarna tablets contain extensive correspondence between the Akhenaten government in Egypt and subject princes in Phoenicia | |
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| c. 900 BC |
| | | La Venta replaces San Lorenzo as the capital city and cultural centre of the Olmecs | |
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| c. 630 BC |
| | | The Areopagus, named from the hill on Athens where it meets, is the council through which the nobles keep power in their own hands | |
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| 594 BC |
| | | Solon is elected archon in Athens, immediately cancelling the debts of the peasants of Attica and making it illegal to enslave a debtor | |
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| 560 BC |
| | | Peisistratos seizes power in Athens and rules as a benevolent dictator for more than thirty years | |
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| c. 550 BC |
| | | K'ung-fu-tzu, or Confucius, teaches a practical philosophy which will profoundly influence Chinese history | |
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| 510 BC |
| | | The Roman senate becomes an executive body with two of its members elected annually as consuls, or joint heads of state | |
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| c. 140 BC |
| | | The priestly Sadducees are confronted in the Sanhedrin by a new opposition party - the Pharisees | |
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| c. 125 BC |
| | | Under the Han dynasty the Confucians become the official civil servants in China, with entry to the service regulated by examination | |
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